Village Autonomy in Indonesia

By : Rossy

Rivewer : Rizki Al Kharim 

ABSTRAK

            Desantralisasi become urgent thing that is inevitable in a system of government in Indonesia. One form desantralisasi is regional autonomy possessed by each of the provinces, or districts / cities in Indonesia. Macama Berlakukanya various regulations, such as: Law 32. / 2004, Law 33/2004, Law 19/1965, Law 5/1979, and Law 22/1999 supports regional autonomy, especially in village administration. The existence desantralisi expected to provide power in the management of their own region so as to make one's way by utilizing the HR (Human Resources) and SDA (Natural Resources) that exist. One of them is the district Gresik has the potential regions in the creative industries sector. Wedani village subdistrict Cerme Gresik is a village which maximizes the village autonomy to maximize the potential of the creative economy in the development bertumpuh woven sheath with various motifs and patterns are not lost by bona fide products in Indonesia.

            The purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformation of four dimensions that influence the success of decentralization Wedani Village District of Cerme Kab. Coarse sand so as to berdikasi.

The conclusion of this paper is, Otomoni village about 4 dimensional transformation Wedani decentralization in the village district. Cerme Kab. Crunch able to contribute good enough. One manifestation of these contributions and their berdikarinya Wedani village was selected as one of the best village in the province of East Java.

Keywords: Otodes, Decentralization and Wedani Village

PART I

INTRODUCTION

A.       Background of Issue

            Along with the regional autonomy as stipulated in Law No. 22 of 1999 on local regulations, subsequent to the regulation number 25 on the main duties or authority and the provincial government as a provider of a broad policy of regional autonomy for the region and the level of level l ll be given the freedom broad autonomous in managing their respective regions. Including in terms of taking care of small and medium enterprises as well as the creative effort in each region are konsektual between the creative economy in the creative industries. According to Law No. 5 of 1989 in terms of the creative industries or creative economy is the intellectual property owned by someone in the process to produce a product that is not inferior to the results of industrial products manufaktural or manufacturing industry. With the autonomy of the area of each region are given greater freedom in optimizing commodity in priority in its development.

               Since the enactment of Law No. 32 of 2004 the implementation of regional autonomy policy became the focus of national and local governments (Nurmadi, without year). Besides putting the provincial districts / cities as targets in Indonesia adheres otonomidaerah implementation of autonomy system, namely the province has limited autonomy. District / city has a wide autonomy and the village has a genuine autonomy. Implementation of the village government is a subsystem of the implementation of the government so that the village has the privilege to organize and manage in accordance with the interests of the village. Establishment of village councils function as institutions in implementing regulatory control, and decision-rural income as the realization of democracy, the head of the village and village councils are directly elected by the people of the village. Village autonomy is still very important and crucial in measuring the success of regional autonomy, since the implementation of village autonomy is used as a measure of the success of the autonomous region. The success of village autonomy requires support from all government policy both from the central government, provincial, and local.

               An economy can thrive when economic activity is more intense than in the previous economic activity. With reference to income and labor are recruited into the economy. Weaving craft industry are included in the small and medium enterprise sector which is mostly industrial industry offering services, or other craft. With a capital base of skills, in general, do not fully appreciate the government. Weaving craft in the village Wedani subdistrict district Cerme gresik is a real form of creative industries that have economic value of the sale. Wedani village is a village with breakthrough creative innovation economy where rural subdistricts Wedani Cerme Gresik regency had been a third championship race village level eastern Java. All that could not be separated from its motto the PRIMA (Priority, Friendly, Ikhlas, Cheap Smile, and Fair) while also village Wedani terms of aspect, layout, services and economic wheels village in the village Wedani very good. Each service provided kades (village head) and the village should be free without any charges a penny. If fast and convenient service can improve the local economy. Moreover, every day the villagers Wedani to be pioneering efforts and would need a description of the village. Craft woven sheath including one villager Wedani business which is an asset to be made in the area of innovative breakthroughs in competing in the market, with the hope of weaving craft village Wedani gloves can be used as a typical or characteristic woven in the town of Gresik later.

B.        Formulation of the Isuue

How about the transformation of village autonomy Analysis 4th Dimension Decentralization in improving local economies in rural sub-district Wedani Cerme Gresik?

C.        Purpose of Write

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformation of four dimensions that influence the success of decentralization Wedani Village District of Cerme Kab. Coarse sand so as to make one's way.

PART II

DISCUSSION

A.       Theory review

In the review of this theory will be presented some conceptual explanation of some theory. Conceptual explanation is related to variables in the formulation of the problem. Looking at the problem formulation using only one variable and descriptive, the authors chose to use two theories as the conceptual basis. The two theories, namely, decentralization and 4 dimensions of decentralization.

1.        Outonomy Village (Otodes)

Secara etimologi kata desa berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta,  deca  yang  means homeland, the land of origin, or homeland. From the geographical perspective, the village or the village is defined as "a groups of hauses or shops in a country area, smaller than a town". The village is the unity of the legal community who has the authority to manage his own household based on the rights of the origins and customs that are recognized in the National Government and is located in the District.

Village by H.A.W. Widjaja in his book entitled "Village Autonomy" in Aprisiami (2012) states that:

“The village is a community unit which has the original composition based on the right of the origin of which is special. The rationale for the administration of the village is the diversity, participation, genuine autonomy, democratization and empowerment” .

The village, according to Law No. 32 of 2004 on Local Government defines as follows Village :

“Village or the so-called other names, hereinafter called the village, is a unit of community that has boundaries with the authority to regulate and manage the interests of the local community, based on the origin and the local customs are recognized and respected in the system of government of the Republic of Indonesia (Act No. 32 of 2004 on Local Government article 1, paragraph 12).

In terms of the village by Widjaja and Act No. 32 of 2004 on top of a very obvious that the village is a Self Community is a community that regulates itself. With the understanding that the village has the authority to administer and manage the interests of the community in accordance with the local cultural and social conditions, the position of the village which has a very strategic genuine autonomy that requires a balanced attention to the implementation of regional autonomy. Due to the strong Village Autonomy will affect significantly embodiment of Regional Autonomy.

The village has the appropriate authority as stipulated in Government Regulation No. 72 of 2005 on the village:

a.      Held government affairs existing rights-based origins of the village

b.      Held government affairs under the authority of the district / city settings submitted to the village, the government affairs that can directly improve public services.

c.       Co-administration of the Government, Provincial Government, and District / City.

d.      Other government affairs by legislation submitted to the village.

The objective is to increase the formation of village governance capabilities are efficient and effective and improved service to the public in accordance with the level of development and progress of development. In creating the building up at the grassroots level, then there are several requirements that must be met for the establishment of the village namely: First, the population factor, minimum 2500 people or 500 families, second, affordable wide factors in the development of community services and, third, the location factor which has a network of transportation or communication between the hamlet, the fourth, the factors of infrastructure, availability of transportation, marketing, social, production, and means of village government, fifth, social and cultural factors, the presence of religious harmony and social life in a customs relationship, sixth, factor of public life, which is a place for the purpose of people's livelihood

2.      The concept of Decentralization

      Decentralization in Indonesia has imposed a very fundamental implications, especially concerning fiscal policy and state administration policy. Rondinelli and Cheema (1983) in Taufiz, (2010), defines decentralization as the transfer of planning, decision-making and or administrative authority of the central government to the central organization in the area, the local administrative units, semi-autonomous and parastatal organizations (companies), local government or non-governmental organizations. In contrast to Rondinelli, Mark Bockenforde in Kuswandi (2011) describes the decentralization in different views, namely the concept of decentralization is understood as a term that can capture a variety of phenomena. No less important according Massuanganhe (2009) A variety of factors such as political actors, stakeholders and multilateral institutions is regarded as an influential variable in decentralization. one way to improve the effecti-veness ranking of local government in democaratic throgh decentralization, which involves the transfer of power, resources, and assets to local structures.

The difference in the concept of decentralization is determined primarily by the level of authority for planning, deciding and managing authority transferred by the central government and the amount of autonomy that is acceptable to carry out these tasks. Furthermore, in Taufiz Rondinelli, (2010), gives a 4-dimensional decentralization described in the following table :

Table 2.1: Categories Decentralization according to objective and Instruments

No	Category of Decentralization	Purpose	Instrument
1	Political Decentralization	Increase power to the residents and their political representatives in the public decision-making.	The difference in the constitution and laws, political party development, legislative strengthening, the formation of local political institutions, public interest groups supporting effective.
2	Administration Decentralization	Improve the efficiency of management for the provision of public services.	Deconcentration, delegation, and devolution each with different characteristics.
3	Fiscal Decentralization	Improve the financial performance through increased revenues and the decision to create a rational expenditure.	Rearrangement in expenditures, revenues and fiscal transfers between levels of government.
4.	Decentralization of economic and market	Creating a better environment for businesses and provide goods and services based on the response to local needs and market mechanisms.	Transfer function of government to business organizations, community groups or NGOs through privatization and strengthening of market economy through deregulation.

                        

B.   Ulasan teoritik

              Understanding given by the Rondinelli, in line with the notion of decentralization contained in Law No. 22 of 1999 as amended by Act No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government, decentralization is defined as the delivery of government authority by the Government to the Autonomous Region in the framework Unitary Republic of Indonesia. While autonomy is defined as the rights, powers, and duties of the autonomous regions to set up and manage their own affairs and interests of local communities in accordance with the legislation (Act No. 32 of 2004¬). While autonomy is the authority of the Autonomous Region to organize and manage the interests of the local community at its own initiative based on the aspirations of the people in accordance with the laws and regulations.

              But basically village autonomy is genuine autonomy, the position of the village which has a very strategic genuine autonomy that requires a balanced attention to the implementation of regional autonomy. Due to the strong Village Autonomy will affect significantly the embodiment Autonomy. Village autonomy is still very important and crucial in measuring the success of regional autonomy, since the implementation of village autonomy is used as a measure of the success of the autonomous region. The success of village autonomy requires support from all government policy both from the central government, provincial, and local. A rural economic growth can thrive when economic activity is more intense than in the previous economic activity. 

              With reference to income and labor are recruited into the economy. To create self-sufficiency of the village with the willingness, thinking and active involvement of the community to promote the region. A path to independence of a region is empowering potential resources owned by the region. Efforts are implemented through the development of local community economy is expected suatui able to be independent and not dependent on the center. Such as weaving craft industry in rural sub-district Wedani Cerme Gresik regency included in the sector of small and medium enterprises which can increase economic growth and improve the welfare of the village community of the results of the home of industrial weaving. Development of home industry glove hand weaving a positive impact on the condition of the village, both economically and socially. One is the increasing creative hands Wedani village youth who choose to become artisans weaving. This condition erode unemployment in the village.

4 dimensions of decentralization in improving the local economy sarong in rural sub-district Wedani Cerme Gresik. 

1.        Political Decentralization

       Political decentralization which increases the power of the population and their political representatives in the public decision-making. In the political dimension in the village sub-district Wedani Cerme Gresik the role of the PKK, which is always active in all activities in the village Wedani to advance and welfare of the village, so that the village could reach the third winner Se-jatim village. With the champion achieved make Wedani village into one of the categories developed village.

2.        Administration Decentralization 

       Dimensional Analysis of Decentralized Administration is Improving the efficiency of the management for the provision of public services. In the administrative dimension Wedani village has been able to perform administrative decentralization well, it can be seen from the service for free, convenient, and fast for people without a penny in the collection costs. 

3.      Fiscal Decentralization

       Creating a better environment for businesses and provide goods and services based on the response to local needs and market mechanisms .. By fiscal decentralization Wedani village can cooperate with Telkom Indonesia to develop a loom (Telkom, 2011). Such cooperation in the form of a loan granted to citizens who want to enlarge their weaving business. Increasingly, a loom that was involved most of the citizens increasingly popular and well known in many parts of the country. Gloves woven silk sarong majority have good quality. With design motifs and colors are varied, the handicraft village residents Wedani able to pick up the market in various regions in Indonesia and even abroad.

4.        Decentralization of economic and market 

       The purpose of the decentralized market economy that is creating a better environment for businesses and provide goods and services based on the response to local needs and market mechanisms. In the village market ekomoni Wedani dimension has been able to transform desantralisasi with bai, it can be seen from the home industry products such as gloves woven handicrafts and others are able to contribute to meeting the needs of both the market level, local, regional, national and international.

PART III

CLOSING

By looking at the results of a theoretical review in Chapter II, the authors conclude and explain the purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformation of 4-dimensional decentralization that influence the success of the Village Wedani Cerme District Subdistrict. Coarse sand so as to make one's way.

Wedani village in the District of Cermai District Coarse sand getting into the third championship race village in East Java province can not be separated from the Village Autonomy has been run. Where in the village of village autonomy Wedani get full power in various aspects to manage potential village in an effort to improve the livelihoods of villagers Wedani.

            Decentralization of power from the center to the daeral's authority or local government in this country can not be separated from the four dimensions of decentralization that affect eberhasilan implementation of decentralization itself in this case the Village Autonomy Wedani. Desantralisasi four-dimensional transformation to be applied to the study entitled Autonomy village in the Village District of Cerme Wedani Coarse sand District consisting of political decentralization, decentralization of administrative, fiscal decentralization, decentralization and market economy. The fourth decentralization will be able to provide an explanation if an organization or a policy has been successful in improving the quality and ability of the region.

REFERENCES

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